Amyloid-beta refers to a protein that exists in solution as a highly flexible, string-like molecule. They are responsible for joining each other to form fibers and plaques. However, when an individual has Alzheimer's disease, many of these string-like molecules get shortened, or 'truncated'. Prior research work and studies have brought forth the idea that they might be crucial to the development and evolution of the disease.
Using the concept mentioned above, a team created a protein-based vaccine and an antibody-based therapy. Their animal models indicated a reduction in Alzheimer's symptoms. The study is highly relevant for the Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market. Instead of emphasizing the amyloid-beta protein within the brain's plaque, they are usually thought to be liable for Alzheimer's disease. However, in the present research, while developing their antibody and vaccine, the team has targeted a soluble protein that they think is highly toxic.
The team undertook the clinical studies and showed that all potential treatments aimed at dissolving the amyloid plaques present in the brain were deemed unsuccessful in reducing Alzheimer's symptoms. Some treatments also resulted in adverse side effects. Thus, researchers thought of using a distinct approach. They identified an antibody present in mice that successfully neutralizes the truncated forms of soluble amyloid-beta. Further, the positive side of the process is that it would also not bind them to the standard forms of the plaques or proteins.
The team tested both the engineered amyloid-beta vaccine known as TAPAS and the 'humanized' antibody through two types of mouse models. As per the similar imaging techniques and the ones used for diagnosing Alzheimer in humans, the team discovered that both vaccine and antibody resulted in re-establishing the neuron function. Moreover, it also increased glucose metabolism within the brain, helped restore memory loss and decreased amyloid-beta plaque formation. However, amyloid-beta plaque formation wasn't directly targeted.
The science regarding the antibody and the vaccine is indeed at the primary stage. Nonetheless, if the results can also be achieved within human clinical trials, the research could be transformative. The idea may also open new windows of opportunities for not only treating Alzheimer's but also providing vaccination against it.
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